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circular reference : ウィキペディア英語版 | circular reference
A circular reference is a series of references where the last object references the first, resulting in a closed loop. ==In language== A circular reference is not to be confused with the logical fallacy of a circular argument. Although a circular reference will often be unhelpful and reveal no information, such as two entries in a book index referring to each other, it is not necessarily so that a circular reference is of no use. Dictionaries, for instance, must always ultimately be a circular reference since all words in a dictionary are defined in terms of other words, but a dictionary nevertheless remains a useful reference. Sentences containing circular referents can still be meaningful; :''Her brother gave her a kitten; his sister thanked him for it.'' is circular but not without meaning. Indeed, it can be argued that self-reference is a necessary consequence of Aristotle's Law of non-contradiction, a fundamental philosophical axiom. In this view, without self-reference, logic and mathematics become impossible, or at least, lack usefulness.〔Terry A. Osborn, (''The future of foreign language education in the United States'' ), pp.31-33, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002 ISBN 0-89789-719-6.〕〔Robert Fiengo, Robert May, (''Indices and identity'' ), pp.59-62, MIT Press, 1994 ISBN 0-262-56076-3.〕
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